A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE ISRAEL & PALESTINE CONFLICT

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND

The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict — (1948- Present):

The land dispute started after World War 2 (1939-1945), when millions of Jews were being displaced during the Holocaust, the United Nations was looking for a good place to establish a Jewish state. At that time, Palestine was a British colony, and the UN figured that Palestine (which included Jerusalem, the centre of the Jewish faith) was the best place to establish the new Jewish state of Israel. So, in late November 1947, the UN passed Resolution 181, which divided the Palestinian territory into Jewish and Arab states. So, as soon as the resolution was passed, fighting began between Israel and Arab (1947).

The ongoing conflict between Israel and the Palestinians is both simple to understand, yet deeply complex. Both sides have different believe: the Israelis believe that they are entitled to the land now known as Israel, while the Palestinians believe that they are entitled to the land they call Palestine. Unfortunately, both sides claim the same land; they simply call the land by different names. Both sides believe that God gave them the land, and that to give it away or to give it up to other people is an insult to God and a sin. They have been fighting for over 60 years, and each war, each death, each act of terrorism, only deepens the hatred in both sides.

In 1948, the fighting intensified when Israel declared independence a year later and ultimately displaced hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs. The majority of it’s approximately 1.4million residents are Palestinian refugees, many of whom have been living in refugee camps for decades, in Gaza.

Adjacent to Israel is a turbulent area called the West Bank. The West Bank includes many sites that hold cultural, historical and religious significance for Jews, Muslims (identified as Palestinians) and Christians, and there has been a very long history of violent conflict as Israelis and Palestinians have both laid claim to this region.

But in 1967, after another war, Israel occupied Palestinian areas and Israeli troops stayed there for years. The West Bank is occupied by the Israeli military (as it has been since 1967), and the area is considered 60% under Israeli control.

Finally, under the Oslo peace accords signed in 1993. Reuters quoted in the news report that according to the Oslo peace agreement the Palestinian territories were divided into three zones: Area A under full Palestinian control; Area B under Palestinian civil authority and Israeli security control; and Area C under full Israeli control. About 6% of the West Bank is in Area C[i].

But two different parties rules these regions—the militant Hamas controlled Gaza and Fatah ruled the West Bank. Many Israeli settlers remained in Gaza and West Bank, because for some reasons which are:

• Religious

• Political

• Cheap Housing

In September 2005, the Israeli Prime Minister at the time, Ariel Sharon, withdrew all Israeli settlers from Gaza, making it the first territory completely in Palestinian hands. Israel, however, kept tight control over all border crossings and continued to conduct raids.

In January 2006, Hamas won a surprise victory in the Palestinian parliamentary election Palestinian parliamentary elections, ousting the Fatah government. Then in a burst of fighting in June 2007 in which more than 100 people were killed, Hamas gunmen routed the Fatah forces and seized control of Gaza. Israel, which had refused to recognize the Hamas government, responded by clamping down even tighter on the flow of goods and people in and out of the territories.

To prevent violence, the Israeli military limits Palestinians' places of residence (including refugee camps) within the West Bank and their movement within the region is controlled by numerous barriers and checkpoints. In addition, nearly 500,000 Jews live in the West Bank in Israeli-organized settlements. These settlements are technically illegal under international law, although Israel disputes this.

Though the Palestinians don't have an army, rockets are regularly fired from Gaza into Israel. Israelis living in border towns are used to having to take shelter and adapting their lives to deal with the rockets.

In the years since Israel withdrew its troops in 2005, Gaza has seen several Israeli offensives. Israel says these were aimed at putting a stop to rocket fire.

• In 2008, Israel sent soldiers into Gaza. An estimated 1,300 people, many of them civilians, were killed in Gaza before a ceasefire was declared; 13 Israeli soldiers also died.

• In 2012, at least 167 Palestinians and six Israelis were killed during an Israeli operation. After eight days a ceasefire was declared with both sides promising to stop attacks.

• In July 2014, authorities said over 2,200 people were killed - most of them Palestinians - and many more injured, during 50 days of violence. A ceasefire was agreed between Israel and Hamas on 26 August.

Other countries, particularly America, have worked hard to settle the fighting between the Arabs and Israelis but so far nothing has worked. The Reuter had reported that despite the repeated attempts to end the conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians, there is no peace settlement in sight[ii]. The conflict between both sides continued. According to an article named “the Media & the Israel-Palestinian conflict”, there are many human rights organizations, international lawyers and the UN that have criticized Israeli actions as being against international law. The article further quoted that the settlements and the barrier Israel is building in the West Bank were both declared to be illegal by the International Court of Justice[iii]. Currently, there's no safe land left for Palestinians.

Role of the Media:

Western media has been spreading false concept regarding the reasons behind the conflict and supporting Israelis. Western mainstream media has portrayed the Israel-Palestine conflict as a conflict revolving around security and terrorism, with Israel being the victim. They were reporting that conflict is understood as a conflict of land and borders between two peoples who have equal claims, not as a conflict between an oppressed and oppressor and colonized and colonizer[iv].

• The Palestinian – Oppressed

• The Israelis – Oppressor

Unfortunately, the media has helped to blur the reality of the situation through the misuse of terminology and even worse, by twisting the basic facts regarding the core of the dispute which is colonialism, racism, and severely uneven distribution and lack of balance in power relations. For example, in March 2002, the death toll of Palestinians in the dispute was about 140 and Israelis deaths were just under a third of this number. The BBC reported Israeli casualties more than double the amount of coverage than given to the Palestinian casualties[v].

There’s the issue of Inequalities occurs partly because Israel has a very developed media machine and so can supply information and trained speakers to the media, whereas the occupation limits the Palestinians’ ability to do the same. An experienced Middle East journalist for the BBC said: The reason behind the suffering the Palestinians is that they had limited facilities – the Israelis have more money to spend...The second point is that the occupation limits Palestinians’ freedom of access to the media… 99% of the media is based in Jerusalem. If you have a Palestinian minister and you want him to come to a studio in Jerusalem then he can’t or it will take him hours because of the restrictions on the movement of the Palestinians on the roads.”[vi]

International media roles towards the dispute are controversial, for example: On a more international level, an article in the Washington Post in August 2002 cited the following statistics of a study conducted by the Center for Media and Public Affairs. The study found that 78% of the on-air evaluations of Israel on the ABC, NBC and CBS evening news shows were negative. The study shows that Palestinians fared even worse with 92% of the comments being negative. In terms of Israeli treatment of Palestinians, 96% of the time the coverage was negative[vii].

Arab media has favoured Palestinians and raised a voice against the brutality of Israelis. While turkey also supported the Muslims of Palestine and condemned the act of violence by Israelis. Pakistan’s media also supported the Palestinians and always raised a voice against the violence by Israel.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Research-based on Israel and Palestine conflict reveals that both sides have different views about the conflict and both agree on one point that we need a solution and peace which bring us all the rights. An apprehension of the research paper is to provide a background of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and ultimately come up with sound solution/s to the said conflict. Specifically, this paper plan to answer some questions to give a better understanding of the Arab Israeli Conflict. The Palestinians, who are the victims of this crime, have never stopped struggling to defend their native soil and protect their human rights. Both the British occupation Army, until their departure in 1948, and the Zionist terrorist organizations. The researcher tried to know the point of view from both sides. The interview contained three open questions discussing the core information she needed in her research. The researcher herself analyzed the answers of the interviewers. To make this interview, she saw many who dedicated themselves to this field. The researcher proposes that to understand any text or topic which is literary or politically, you should read it critically, and try to analyze it. Even though you read others point of view, you must have your ideas and estimation (Alshami)[viii].

Further; another research articulates the peace of Palestine and conflict with Israel. In the book, the author stated The peace process since the Oslo negotiations of 1993 had raised great hopes that an agreement would be achieved in a foreseeable future. This process, however, failed. Later approaches, unilateral steps like the withdrawal from Gaza or the Annapolis round of talks did not bring a peaceful solution any closer either.

Today the question is less: “What is the solution to this complicated conflict?” - The conflict is old enough to have produced a series of theoretical solutions.

This problem has been discussed enough over the decades; a variety of solutions including all the technicalities have been developed. Today the question is rather: What prevents the actors from taking the necessary steps leading to a solution? Why is the negotiation process not going ahead, or why a new negotiation process is not getting into motion?”

The geopolitical situation has changed since the Oslo negotiations when one believed that one could primarily handle and resolve the conflict as a local conflict. Today regional and international actors play an increasing role, making the process even more complex. How to overcome these obstacles and still make progress towards peace and reconciliation? With this publication, which is part of KAS funded research projects, the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung aims at fertilizing the dialogue.

KAS does not want to impose any particular political opinions or approaches. The Contributions in this 14 book, therefore, do not necessarily reflect the view of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. (Bar-Siman-Tov, 2010)[ix].

A study conducted in the celebration of twenty years of peace education among Israel and Palestine. A study stated that it is hard-pressed to find a particular people-to-people (P2P) participant who has gone on to become a peace activist. To find such a person, however, it would have needed to look no farther than his own employer’s July 2014 Ha’aretz Israel discussion on Peace, where there were five adult Seeds of Peace alumnae in attendance — two of them currently leading SOP programs in Israel, the others in leading roles with MEET (Middle East Education through Technology), Peace Now’s Settlement Watch and the Israeli-Palestinian Peace NGO Forum, respectively. If we have learned anything from these 20 painful years, it is that conflict change among Israelis and Palestinians is a complex, long-term, multi-dimensional move violently that demands of activists a capacity for critical reflection and a high level of stimulus to persist. From the span of the research cited here, we also know that these qualities are precisely what have been inspired by successful peace education programs in many of their Israeli and Palestinian graduates. (Lazarus, 2015)[x]

A special report articulated the peace and conflict matter of Palestine. However, Palestinian public opinion does not impede progress in the peace process; to the contrary, over time the Palestinian public has become more moderate. Palestinian willingness to negotiate is greater than it has been at any time since the start of the peace process. This increased eagerness to compromise provides policymakers with greater room to manoeuvre. Palestinian opposition to violence increases when diplomacy proves effective. Public support for violence increases in an environment of greater pain and suffering and decreases when threat perception is reduced. This report examines major trends in Palestinian public opinion during the past two transformations: the one heralded by the Oslo peace process and the one brought about by the second intifada. It also examines the immediate effects of the death of Arafat, and the future trajectory this major event is likely to generate in public attitudes. The study first describes the basic process and turning points during the past decade and then outlines the basic trends in attitudes related to state-building and peacemaking. It concludes with an assessment of the role of Palestinian public opinion in the peace process, and an examination of the policy implications that can be inferred from reviewing the basic trends in Palestinian attitudes. The study is based on more than one hundred polls conducted during the past eleven years by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research, under the author’s supervision, among Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. (Shikaki, 2006)[xi].

In the special conducted in the seminar by Public Relations Department, Palestinian Counseling Center (PCC) that Western mainstream media has portrayed the Israel-Palestine conflict as a conflict revolving around protection and terrorism, with Israel being the victim. So for many populace, the conflict is understood as a conflict of land and borders between two peoples who have equally maintained, not as a conflict between a demoralized and teaser and colonized and colonizer. Israel has the capital, the technology, and the military superiority. The essential thing now is that Palestinians have a strategy and a methodology of reaching the media and making sure it gives the Palestinian side of the story. The role of the international media in the civil rights movement, in the anti-apartheid movement among others, cannot be underestimated. Part of the reason, and some have contended that the main reason the civil rights movement succeeded in its initial phase was due to what was happening on the international scene and what was exposed internationally to the racism that was taking place in America. The international media pointed out the hypocrisy and contradictions in America going to war to fight Nazi racism while it had institutionalized racism against African Americans at home. The international media revealed that an America preaching tolerance and multiculturalism was preventing African diplomats from using the same facilities as other diplomats because of the colour of their skin. (Rashid, 2003)[xii].

In the study, University of Missouri-Columbia This paper explored look how three U.S. newspapers’ covered the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, subsequent two peak incidents—Israeli leader Ariel Sharon’s 2000 visit to Jerusalem’s Temple Mount and 2002’s Passover Massacre—by identifying and analyzing the frames used. This study examined theories of conflict resolution and peace journalism while looking to see how the frames used may help to inflame or calm the conflict and how the ideas of peace journalism could clash with the realities of the news business. It analyzed newspapers stories from The New York Times, Christian Science Monitor and St. Louis Post Dispatch in a quantitative and qualitative approach by examining what language was used, the sources included and the context provided. It was found that the dominant frame of the 2000 coverage overall was the Israeli government’s quest for security frame, while in the 2002 coverage, the frame most used was the Israelis as military strong bullies frame. The scrutinize mostly used the thematic and impartial look frames and its coverage was most in line with peace journalism concepts, the Times was mixed in its use of frames and the Post-Dispatch mainly used the episodic frame. (STAWICKI, 2009)[xiii].

In this study, the corpus-based keyword technique is initially used to identify the topics that tend to be emphasized, downplayed, and/or left out in the coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in three corpora complied from the news websites of Al-Jazeera, CNN, and the BBC. Topics –such as terrorism, occupation, settlements, and the recent Israeli disengagement plan— which were found to be key in the coverage of the conflict—are further studied in context using several other corpus tools, especially the concordance and the collocation finder. The analysis reveals some of the strategies employed by each news website to control for the positive or negative representations of the different actors involved in the conflict. The corpus findings are interpreted using some informative CDA frameworks, especially Van Dijk‘s (1998) ideological square framework. The current study aims to partially bridge this gap by combining methods and analytical frameworks from Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Corpus Linguistics (CL) to analyze the discursive representation of the Israeli Palestinian conflict in American, Arab, and British media, represented by CNN, Al-Jazeera Arabic, and BBC respectively. The findings of this research also have instructive implications, especially for language programs interested in consolidating the critical reading skills of their students. For such programs, the strategies adopted by news media to manipulate the discourse in a way that serves 162 their ideological orientations should be explicitly discussed in the classroom. Pedagogical implications of this research can also extend to the teaching of writing. By exposing students to biased as well as more balanced samples of writing, teachers can highlight the aspects of bias and point out the characteristics of a more balanced representation for students to use as models for their writing. (Kandil, 2009)[xiv].

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

The research statement is “An Analysis of Israel-Palestine Conflict, Peace Process and the Media”. It is Qualitative research. What is Qualitative Research? “Collecting data in the form of words and pictures is known as Qualitative Data”[xv]. In the research paper, we used the “Content Analysis” method.

“Content analysis is a research method used for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages. ”[xvi]

Or

“Content Analysis is a technique for examining the content and symbols contained in written documents or other communication media whether it is a movie, photographs or advertisements.” [xvii]

Content Analysis most frequently used for descriptive purposes, but exploratory or explanatory studies are also possible. For content analysis, we have selected a Documentary named “Israelis torturing non-Jewish children”. We observed the brutality of Israelis on Palestinians, especially children.

We collected Data from different books, news articles and research papers. During the collection of Data, we found many facts and figures regarding the Israeli occupation of Palestinians.

CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION

A study has observed the analysis on a documentary over the Palestine and Israel conflict and peace matter. The documentary focused on one aspect that how the Israeli military violently behaving with the Palestinian youth and children. Israelis are treating Palestinian like animals; arresting, beating or firing. The previously mentioned act of brutality has been showing in the documentary. Israelis are not answerable to any media organizations. The intensively rich content has been found in the research that Israel is taken under the control of Palestinian brutally. In addition, there are also various elements that explicit the atrocities of Israel on Palestine.

A study is an artefact that has as its fundamental aspect a decorated text (Scott, 2014)[xviii]. It must be distinguished that documents are not intentionally produced for research, but naturally occurring objects with concrete or semi-permanent existence which tell us indirectly about the social world of the people who created them (Payne & Payne, 2004)[xix].

Merely locate, a document is written text. A study is produced by individuals and groups in line with their everyday observations and is geared exclusively for their own immediate practical needs. A study, unlike a speech, can have a self-governing subsistence beyond the writer and beyond the framework of its production (J. & D., 1995)[xx].

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is entrenched in centuries of social, religious, and political suffering. As such, it is important to think about the historical implications of the present conflict, because the burden of the past always hangs over the present, and chronic pain and fear often prevent any rational consideration of the future. As Mark Heller describes in his statement to the book No Trumpet, No Drums: A Two-State Settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict:

The most recent damage to one side becomes the cause or alleged reason for the next wrong to the other side, and that, in turn, is duly inscribed in the collective memory, revitalization submissive passions, provoking new reactions and making it more difficult for anyone on either side to find some present time when thoughts about the possibility of future conciliation are not poisoned by the emotional scars of long ago and yesterday. (Herman, 2009 )[xxi].

They have a purpose to build a conclusion in Palestine, Israeli position not to give up their intention. They are ignoring any chance of peace. Its unreasonable arrangement of IC. Regarding Sergio, both people are fearful of not entrusting each other, for historical reasons.

They have been written with a principle and are the foundation on particular postulation and accessible in a definite way or style and to this extent, the researcher must be fully aware of the origins, purpose and the original audience of the documents (Grix, 2001)[xxii].

Jews have a 2000-years traumatic history that hasn´t been overcome yet, and their leaders get many more votes in the elections if they resonate with that historical sentiment, so they exploit the fear. Every time an Arab leader or a Muslim leader such as Iran´s Ahmadi Nejad or Hamas or Hizbollah says anything that these Jewish leaders can use, the pro-occupation leaders get stronger, and the against-occupation leaders get weaker. So, verbal threats, and any attack against Israelis go in disfavour of Palestinians, because Netanyahu followers will use them. (Alshami, 2014)[xxiii].

A study has found the diffusion of conflict among both sides is that religion, border issues, the control of water, security, etc are the main underlying issues that are dragging the wars for years and years. However, the reasons do have many other concerns attached to them that you should consider too. (Proffesion.com)[xxiv].

The strategic blockade of the Gaza Strip, orchestrated by the State of Israel began in 2007 immediately following the violent overthrow of the Palestinian unity government by Hamas in the Gaza strip. To understand the sociological consequence of the event, some background to it needs to be established. Immediately following the coup, the West began to see Hamas’ hard-line Islamic government as a threat to Israel as well as to their interests in the region. It was therefore agreed to impose a land and sea blockade of the territory to weaken the Islamic regime. Known as a terrorist organization that repeatedly has called for the destruction of a sovereign nation-state, Israel; Hamas, after winning the Gaza elections in 2006, deposed the Western-backed Palestinian Fatah government in a bloody coup in which hundreds of Palestinians lost their lives. (Israeli-Palestinian Conflict)[xxv].

Violent incidents have sparked retaliatory attacks in both directions, including over access to the Jerusalem religious site known as the Temple Mount or Haram al-Sharif. The risk of more widespread and sustained violent conflict looms, and political and social dynamics in both societies challenge the prospects for a negotiated settlement. Meanwhile, the international community seeks a way to enable the parties to stem the current wave of violence in the immediate term, while pursuing a more sustainable diplomatic solution to the ongoing conflict. (The Current Situation: Israel, The Palestinian Territories, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 2015)[xxvi].

Conflicts in the Middle East are many and overlapping: Arabs and Jews; Israelis and Palestinians; Persians and Arabs; Sunni and Shiite Muslims; fundamentalists and moderates.

All of the conflicts of the Middle East are products of history. We cannot change that history. But we may be able to alter its future course. It is in our national interest to help resolve conflicts and reduce instability in the Middle East to the extent possible, especially where we can do so by means other than military force. Nonetheless, we also must be prepared to use force when necessary and appropriate.

In particular, we should continue the active pursuit of an agreement to end the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians. While there are many reasons to be pessimistic in the wake of the latest flare-up of violence in Gaza, successful peace negotiations could end the suffering of those war-weary peoples. (MITCHELL, 2014)[xxvii].

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

It has been discussed above that Palestinians are facing oppression and brutality at the hands of the Israelis. Efforts to make peace between the two parties have failed. The reason behind the tyranny is that Israel has strong support.

Pro-Israel states like the US and UK have always supported the cause of the Israelis. The fact that the UK has now quitted from the European Union, may prove beneficial for Palestine. An article, Israel-Palestine: A way to end the occupation, mentions: “The departure of the predictably pro-Israel UK from the European Union could, in theory, strengthen the Union's inclination to act as a counterbalance to US support for Israel.”

Western media, although has reported the occupation of Palestine but has never strongly condemned the brutal violation of human rights by the Israelis. The barbarism against the Palestinians, especially children and the youth, has never been discussed under the subject of terrorism in Western media. However, any other attack in the West or any part of the world are constantly being connected to Muslim groups or organizations.

Media organizations in many Muslim countries are also being funded by Israel. This backing results in the reluctance of their organizations to excoriate the Palestinian occupation.

International Media Organizations like BBC, CNN, New York Times, Geo, ARY etc. should take a stand on the matter of Israel’s subjugation in Palestine. It is time to stop this cruelty by the power of media. The media should pressurize the US to cease its pro-Israel policy.

Although most of these organizations have a pro-Israel stance, some of the people working under the same organizations think that it is time to halt the brutality of Israelis. They believe that the occupation needs to be normalized and Palestinians should be able to live a peaceful life. Even The New York Times has acceded to the normalization of the occupation, recently putting the word in "scare quotes" to reflect the fait accompli.

REFERENCE:

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